In the twilight hours of the Great War, as the world looked on with bated breath, unfolded a theatre of unparalleled audacity: the 100 Days Offensive. It was to be the final act in a global drama that had seen nations rise and crumble, and generations weep. Within these hundred days, the course of the Western Front, and indeed the war itself, was irrevocably altered.
The year 1918 had begun in gloom for the Allies. Germany, having freed up troops from the Eastern Front after Russia’s exit from the war, launched a series of offensives in the West beginning in March, known as the Spring Offensives. These pushes threatened to split the British and French forces, capturing significant territory. But by July, they had exhausted themselves, with the Germans unable to deliver a decisive blow. It was in this pivotal moment, with the German forces extended and worn, that the Allies spied an opportunity.
The offensive commenced on 8th August 1918 with the Battle of Amiens. Allied forces, with the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) under the resolute Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig, surged forward. Using combined arms tactics, integrating infantry, artillery, tanks, and aircraft, they achieved surprise and rapid progress. This day, hailed as the "Black Day of the German Army" by General Erich Ludendorff, marked the beginning of the end for the Central Powers on the Western Front.
The Allies, sensing the shifting tide, pressed their advantage. Multiple battles ensued, with the BEF playing pivotal roles in engagements like the Second Battle of the Somme, the Battle of the Scarpe, and the battles to breach the Hindenburg Line - a formidable system of German defences. As the weeks progressed, the German Army was pushed back further and further, with their spirit of resistance crumbling.
At the helm of this offensive, beyond Haig, were other notable commanders. General Sir Henry Rawlinson, who played a crucial role in Amiens, and General John Monash, commander of the Australian Corps, whose innovative tactics often led the way. Opposing them, the German forces, though led by a cadre of experienced generals like Ludendorff and Crown Prince Rupprecht, found themselves overwhelmed by the combined might and renewed vigour of the Allied forces.
As the offensive ground on, the German defences began to buckle. Key fortifications and towns were retaken. The morale of the German troops, once considered indomitable, began to wane, with surrenders increasing. By the time the offensive culminated in November, the Allies had retaken much of the territory lost earlier in the year, and the German Army was a shadow of its former self.
The 100 Days Offensive, drawing to a close with the Armistice on 11th November 1918, marked not just the end of a campaign but the conclusion of the "war to end all wars". The sheer audacity, the scale of the operations, and the resultant shift in the theatre of war showcased a blend of strategy, valour, and sacrifice. In these final days, the British forces, alongside their Allies, displayed a tenacity that would be immortalised in history. Through fields once muddied with the gore of trench warfare rose a new dawn, one that promised peace, however transient, and a world forever changed.
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Reference: Article by Greg Scott (Staff Historian), 2024